The correlation between Bradykinin and Leukotreine with Glutathione in Patients with COVID19
Main Article Content
Keywords
COVID-19, Bradykinin, Leukotrienes, Glutathione, Oxidative stress
Abstract
In Dec 2019 in Wuhan, China, several acute atypical respiratory diseases were brought on by a novel coronavirus that is currently known as SARS-CoV-2. A worldwide pandemic has been caused by the virus spreading from person to person. Numerous countries have been forced to enact public isolation and lockout as the death toll keeps mounting. There is still a need for therapeutic strategies, which is a problem. According to statistical data, senior people are more vulnerable to serious illnesses than children, who often experience minimal side effects. Assessment and study the correlation of bradykinin, leukotrienes B4 and D4 with glutathione for patients with COVID-19 compared to a healthy controlled study, with results that were interpreted scientifically. Ninety individuals, separated into a sick group and a healthy group, had blood samples taken. An analysis of demographic data, including gender, age, clinical severity, blood oxygen saturation, and body mass index, depending on the exclusion criteria for people with asthma, diabetics, pregnant women, and those with heart disease. Bradykinin and leukotriene B4 and D4 levels were estimated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and glutathione measured by spectrophotometry method. The results manifest that the levels of bradykinin and leukotrienes B4, and D4 increased in significant values in the patients with COVID-19 compared with healthy control with a decrease in the values of glutathione the same comparison. Also, there is a negative correlation for glutathione with other
parameters that were studied. Through the results shown in the study, it can be considered leukotrienes B4, D4, and bradykinin are very important for evaluating the functions of the lungs, as well as it is possible to give the specialist an important idea about the extent of the deterioration of the patient’s condition, and thus facilitate the appropriate treatment strategy for him.
References
2. De Maat S, De Mast Q, Danser AHJ, Van De Veerdonk FL, Maas C. Impaired Breakdown of Bradykinin and Its Metabolites as a Possible Cause for Pulmonary Edema in COVID-19 Infection. Semin Thromb Hemost. 2020;46(7):835–7.
3. Bray MA, Ford-Hutchinson AW, Shipley ME, Smith MJ. Calcium ionophore A23187 induces release of chemokinetic and aggregating factors from polymorphonuclear leucocytes. Br J Pharmacol. 1980;71(2):507.
4. Samuelsson B. Leukotrienes: mediators of immediate hypersensitivity reactions and inflammation. Science (80- ). 1983;220(4597):568–75.
5. Lee CW, Lewis RA, Tauber AI, Mehrotra M, Corey EJ, Austen KF. The myeloperoxidase-dependent metabolism of leukotrienes C4, D4, and E4 to 6-trans-leukotriene B4 diastereoisomers and the subclass-specific S-diastereoisomeric sulfoxides. J Biol Chem. 1983;258(24):15004–10.
6. Hicks A, Monkarsh SP, Hoffman AF, Goodnow Jr R. Leukotriene B4 receptor antagonists as therapeutics for inflammatory disease: preclinical and clinical developments. Expert Opin Investig Drugs. 2007;16(12):1909–20.
7. Montuschi P, Barnes PJ. Exhaled leukotrienes and prostaglandins in asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2002;109(4):615–20.
8. Hébert M-J, Takano T, Holthöfer H, Brady HR. Sequential morphologic events during apoptosis of human neutrophils. Modulation by lipoxygenase-derived eicosanoids. J Immunol (Baltimore, Md 1950). 1996;157(7):3105–15.
9. Yang Y, Li L, Hang Q, Fang Y, Dong X, Cao P, et al. γ-glutamylcysteine exhibits anti-inflammatory effects by increasing cellular glutathione level. Redox Biol. 2019;20:157–66.
10. Jefferies H, Coster J, Khalil A, Bot J, McCauley RD, Hall JC. Glutathione. ANZ J Surg. 2003;73(7):517–22.
11. Okunowo AA, Daramola ES, Soibi-Harry AP, Ezenwakwo F, Kuku JO, Okunade KS, et al. 21. Okunowo AA, Daramola ES, Soibi-Harry AP, Ezenwankwo F, Women’s knowledge of cervical cancer and uptake of Pap smear testing and the factors influencing it in a Nigerian tertiary hospital. 2018;
12. Ellman GL. Tissue sulfhydryl groups. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1959;82(1):70–7.
13. Hanley JA, McNeil BJ. The meaning and use of the area under a ROC curve. Radiology. 1982;143(4):29–36.
14. Oschatz C, Maas C, Lecher B, Jansen T, Björkqvist J, Tradler T, et al. Mast cells increase vascular permeability by heparin-initiated bradykinin formation in vivo. Immunity. 2011;34(2):258–68.
15. van de Veerdonk FL, Netea MG, van Deuren M, van der Meer JWM, de Mast Q, Brüggemann RJ, et al. Kallikrein-kinin blockade in patients with COVID-19 to prevent acute respiratory distress syndrome. Elife. 2020;9.
16. Archambault A, Zaid Y, Rakotoarivelo V, Turcotte C, Doré É, Dubuc I, et al. High levels of eicosanoids and docosanoids in the lungs of intubated COVID‐19 patients. FASEB J. 2021;35(6):e21666.
17. Schwarz B, Sharma L, Roberts L, Peng X, Bermejo S, Leighton I, et al. Cutting edge: severe SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans is defined by a shift in the serum lipidome, resulting in dysregulation of eicosanoid immune mediators. J Immunol. 2021;206(2):329–34.
18. Weiss JW, Drazen JM, Coles N, McFadden Jr ER, Weller PF, Corey EJ, et al. Bronchoconstrictor effects of leukotriene C in humans. Science (80- ). 1982;216(4542):196–8.
19. Esser-von Bieren J. Immune-regulation and-functions of eicosanoid lipid mediators. Biol Chem. 2017;398(11):1177–91.
20. Franco R, Schoneveld OJ, Pappa A, Panayiotidis MI. The central role of glutathione in the pathophysiology of human diseases. Arch Physiol Biochem. 2007;113(4–5):234–58.
21. Wang B, Li R, Lu Z, Huang Y. Does comorbidity increase the risk of patients with COVID-19: evidence from meta-analysis. Aging (albany NY). 2020;12(7):6049.
22. Alwazeer D, Liu FF-C, Wu XY, LeBaron TW. Combating oxidative stress and inflammation in COVID-19 by molecular hydrogen therapy: Mechanisms and perspectives. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2021;2021.
Article Sidebar
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
All articles published in JPTCP are licensed under Copyright Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.