Factors Related to Psychological Distress Among Nursing Students Volunteering in Covid-19 Frontline Prevention In Vietnam.
Main Article Content
Keywords
Nursing students, Covid-19 frontline prevention, psychological distress, related factors, Vietnam
Abstract
The aim of the study to examine the level of psychological distress among nursing students volunteering in Covid-19 frontline prevention in Vietnam and related factors. Nursing students volunteering in frontline prevention presented emotional effects, including positive and negative effects on their psychological well-being. A cross-sectional study design was used and four hundred seventy-one students who volunteered for frontline prevention were randomly selected in the study using inclusion criteria. Data were collected from October to December 2021. A demographic questionnaire, the General Self-Efficacy Scale, the 6-item Kessler Psychological Distress Scale, the Brief Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced Inventory Questionnaire, and the Quality of life EQ-5D-5L were used to measure the variables. The data analysis was conducted by using descriptive statistics and linear regression. The research found that students presented a high risk of psychological distress. There was a significant correlation between problem- and emotional- coping strategies, quality of life, and psychological distress. Moreover, family support and psychological distress among
nursing students had a strong relationship. Lecturers and high education institutions responsible for nursing students should pay more attention to developing psychological interventions in enhancing coping strategies and quality of life and various supports to reduce distress among nursing students fighting the epidemic.
References
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the Theory of Planned Behavior. Frontiers in Public Health, 9, 699079. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.699079
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https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021 .664808
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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijans.2021.100301
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15. Tran, V., Pham, D. T., Dao, T., Pham, K., Ngo, P. T., & Dewey, R. S. (2021). Willingness of healthcare students in vietnam to volunteer during
the Covid-19 pandemic. Journal of Community Health, 1–10. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-021-01030-y
16. Kim Y. (2018). Nurses' experiences of care for patients with Middle East respiratory syndromecoronavirus in South Korea. American Journal of Infection Control, 46(7), 781–787. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2018.01.012
17. Alnazly, E., Khraisat, O. M., Al-Bashaireh, A. M., & Bryant, C. L. (2021). Anxiety, depression, stress, fear and social support during Covid-19
pandemic among Jordanian healthcare workers. PloS One, 16(3), e0247679. https://doi.org/10.1371/ journal.pone.0247679
18. Brouwer, K. R., Walmsley, L. A., Parrish, E. M., McCubbin, A. K., Welsh, J. D., Braido, C., & Okoli, C. (2021). Examining the associations
between self-care practices and psychological distress among nursing students during the Covid-19 pandemic. Nurse Education
Today, 100, 104864. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2021.104864
19. Nabavian, M., Rahmani, N., & Alipour, H. (2021). Experiences of nursing students in the care for patients diagnosed with Covid-19: A
Qualitative Study. Journal of Patient Experience, 8, 23743735211039925. https://doi.org/10.1177/23743735211039925
20. Pedrosa, A. L., Bitencourt, L., Fróes, A., Cazumbá, M., Campos, R., de Brito, S., & Simões E Silva, A. C. (2020). Emotional, behavioral, and
psychological impact of the Covid-19 pandemic. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 566212. https://doi.org/10.3389 /fpsyg.2020.566212
21. Al Gharash, H., Smith, M., & Cusack, L. (2021). Nursing students' willingness and confidence to volunteer in a pandemic. SAGE Open Nursing, 7, 23779608211044615. https://doi.org/10.1177/23779608211044615
22. Tran, B. X., Vo, L. H., Phan, H. T., Pham, H. Q., Vu, G. T., Le, H. T., Latkin, C. A., Ho, C. S., & Ho, R. C. (2020). Mobilizing medical students for Covid-19 responses: Experience of Vietnam. Journal of global health, 10(2), 020319. https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.10.020319
23. Roy, C. (2009). The Roy adaptation model (3rded.). Upper Sadder River, NJ: Pearson.
24. Harrison, S., Henderson, J., Alderdice, F., & Quigley, M. A. (2019). Methods to increase response rates to a population-based maternity
survey: a comparison of two pilot studies. BMC medical research methodology, 19(1), 65. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-019-0702-3
25. Zhang, J. X., & Schwarzer, R. (1995). Measuring optimistic self-beliefs: A Chinese adaptation of the General Self-Efficacy Scale. Psychologia: An International Journal of Psychology in the Orient, 38(3), 174–181.
26. Dang N., Ho T., Nguyen T. Tran T. (2020). Perception of psychology students, Ho Chi Minh City university of education about self-efficacy.
Vietnam Journal of Education, 484 (2), 12-15. Retrieved from http://tapchigiaoduc.moet.gov.vn/ 3dangnguyen-thien-an/link.
27. Kang, Y. K., Guo, W. J., Xu, H., Chen, Y. H., Li, X. J., Tan, Z. P., ... & Li, T. (2015). The 6-item Kessler psychological distress scale to survey
serious mental illness among Chinese undergraduates: psychometric properties and prevalence estimate. Comprehensive Psychiatry.(2015) 63:105–12. DOI:10.1016/j.comppsych.2015.08.011
28. Hoang, M. T., Do, K. N., Pham, H. Q., Nguyen, C. T., Ha, G. H., Vu, G. T., Tran, B. X., Latkin, C., Ho, R., & Ho, C. S. (2020). Psychological
distress among mountainous farmers in Vietnam: a cross-sectional study of prevalence and associated factors. BMJ open, 10(8), e038490.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-038490
29. Carver, C. S. (1997). You want to measure coping but your protocol's too long: consider the brief COPE. International journal of behavioral
medicine, 4(1), 92–100. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327558ijbm0401_6
30. Matsumoto S, Yamaoka K, Nguyen HDT, Nguyen DT, Nagai M, Tanuma J, Mizushima D, Nguyen KV, Pham TN, Oka S. Validation of the
Brief Coping Orientation to Problem Experienced (Brief COPE) inventory in people living with HIV/AIDS in Vietnam. Glob Health Med. 2020 Dec 31;2(6):374-383. doi: 10.35772/ghm.2020.01064. PMID: 33409417; PMCID: PMC7780287.
31. Mai, V. Q., Sun, S., Minh, H. V., Luo, N., Giang, K. B., Lindholm, L., & Sahlen, K. G. (2020). An EQ-5D-5L value set for Vietnam. Quality of Life
Research. 2020;29(7):1923–1933. doi:10.1007/s11136-020-02469-7
32. Sousa, V. D., & Rojjanasrirat, W. (2011). Translation, adaptation and validation of instruments or scales for use in cross‐cultural
health care research: A clear and user‐friendly guideline. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 17(2), 268–274. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365‐2753.2010.01434.x
33. Schmits, E., Dekeyser, S., Klein, O., Luminet, O., Yzerbyt, V., & Glowacz, F. (2021). Psychological distress among students in higher
education: one year after the beginning of the Covid-19 pandemic. International Journal Of Environmental Research And Public
Health, 18(14), 7445. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147445
34. Simionescu, M., Pellegrini, A., & Bordea, E. N. (2021). The Effects of Covid-19 pandemic on stress vulnerability of nursing students according
to labour market status. Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland), 9(6), 633. https://doi.org/10.3390 /healthcare9060633
35. Tanji, F., & Kodama, Y. (2021). Prevalence of psychological distress and associated factors in nursing students during the Covid-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(19), 10358.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910358
36. Akbar, Z., & Aisyawati, M. S. (2021). Coping strategy, social support, and psychological distress among university students in Jakarta,
Indonesia during the Covid-19 pandemic. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 694122. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg .2021.694122
37. Ulenaers, D., Grosemans, J., Schrooten, W., & Bergs, J. (2021). Clinical placement experience of nursing students during the Covid-19
pandemic: A cross-sectional study. Nurse Education Today, 99, 104746. https://doi.org/10.1016 /j.nedt.2021.104746
38. Tran, N. T., Franzen, J., Jermann, F., Rudaz, S., Bondolfi, G., & Ghisletta, P. (2022). Psychological distress and well-being among students of health disciplines in Geneva, Switzerland: The importance of academic satisfaction in the context of academic year-end and Covid-19 stress on their learning experience. PloS one, 17(4), e0266612. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0266612
day 07/11/2021.
2. Baluwa, M. A., Konyani, A., Chipeta, M. C., Munthali, G., Mhango, L., Chimbe, E., Lungu, F., & Mpasa, F. (2021). Coping with fears of Covid19 pandemic among nursing students during clinical practice: malawi's perspective. Advances in medical education and practice, 12, 1389–
1396. https://doi.org/10.2147/AMEP.S337783
3. Ayoub, P., Chang, D. D., Hussein, N., Stewart, K., Wise, A., Malik, I., Robbins, K., Savage, B., Johnson, M., & Shah, S. (2020). Medical student
mobilization during a pandemic: the ochsner clinical school response to Covid-19. The Ochsner Journal, 20(2), 146–150. https://doi.org/10.31486/toj.20.0069
4. Gordon, M., Patricio, M., Horne, L., Muston, A., Alston, S. R., Pammi, M., Thammasitboon, S., Park, S., Pawlikowska, T., Rees, E. L., Doyle, A.
J., & Daniel, M. (2020). Developments in medical education in response to the Covid-19 pandemic: A rapid BEME systematic review: BEME Guide No. 63. Medical Teacher, 42(11), 1202–1215. https://doi.org/10.1080/0142159X.2020.1807484
5. Docking P. (2003). SARS and the effect on nurse education in Singapore. Contemporary Nurse, 15(1-2), 5–8. https://doi.org/10.5172/conu.15.1-2.5
6. Lazarus, G., Findyartini, A., Putera, A. M., Gamalliel, N., Nugraha, D., Adli, I., Phowira, J., Azzahra, L., Ariffandi, B., & Widyahening, I. S.
(2021). Willingness to volunteer and readiness to practice of undergraduate medical students during the Covid-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional
survey in Indonesia. BMC Medical Education, 21(1), 138. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-021-02576-0
7. Tran, Q. A., Nguyen, H., Bui, T. V., Tran, N. T., Nguyen, N. T., Nguyen, T. T., Nguyen, H. T., & Nguyen, S. H. (2021). Factors associated with the
intention to participate in Coronavirus disease 2019 frontline prevention activities among nursing students in Vietnam: An Application of
the Theory of Planned Behavior. Frontiers in Public Health, 9, 699079. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.699079
8. Goni-Fuste, B., Wennberg, L., Martin-Delgado, L., Alfonso-Arias, C., Martin-Ferreres, M. L., & Monforte-Royo, C. (2021). Experiences and
needs of nursing students during pandemic outbreaks: A systematic overview of the literature. Journal of Professional Nursing :
Official Journal of the American Association of Colleges of Nursing, 37(1), 53–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.profnurs.2020.12.004
9. Martin-Delgado L, Goni-Fuste B, Alfonso-Arias C, De Juan M, Wennberg L, Rodríguez E, Fuster P, Monforte-Royo C, Martin-Ferreres ML.
Nursing students on the frontline: Impact and personal and professional gains of joining the health care workforce during the Covid-19
pandemic in Spain. Journal of Professional Nursing. 2021 May-Jun;37(3):588-597. DOI: 10.1016/j.profnurs.2021.02.008. Epub 2021
February 23. PMID: 34016318; PMCID: PMC7899922.
10. Savitsky, B., Findling, Y., Ereli, A., & Hendel, T. (2020). Anxiety and coping strategies among nursing students during the Covid-19
pandemic. Nurse Education in Practice, 46, 102809. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2020.102809
11. Li, Z., Yi, X., Zhong, M., Li, Z., Xiang, W., Wu, S., & Xiong, Z. (2021). Psychological distress, social support, coping style, and perceived stress
among medical staff and medical students in the early stages of the Covid-19 epidemic in China. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12, 664808.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021 .664808
12. Grande, R., Butcon, V., Indonto, M., Villacorte, L. M., & Berdida, D. (2021). Quality of life of nursing internship students in Saudi Arabia
during the Covid-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study. International Journal of Africa Nursing Sciences, 14, 100301.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijans.2021.100301
13. Leong, B. A., M., Mansor, N. S., Mohamad, M. A., & Teoh, S. H. (2021). Quality of life and associated factors among university students
during the Covid-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open, 11(10), e048446. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-048446
14. Keener, T. A., Hall, K., Wang, K., Hulsey, T., & Piamjariyakul, U. (2021). Quality of life, resilience, and related factors of nursing students
during the Covid-19 pandemic. Nurse Educator, 46(3), 143–148. https://doi.org/10.1097/NNE. 0000000000000969
15. Tran, V., Pham, D. T., Dao, T., Pham, K., Ngo, P. T., & Dewey, R. S. (2021). Willingness of healthcare students in vietnam to volunteer during
the Covid-19 pandemic. Journal of Community Health, 1–10. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-021-01030-y
16. Kim Y. (2018). Nurses' experiences of care for patients with Middle East respiratory syndromecoronavirus in South Korea. American Journal of Infection Control, 46(7), 781–787. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2018.01.012
17. Alnazly, E., Khraisat, O. M., Al-Bashaireh, A. M., & Bryant, C. L. (2021). Anxiety, depression, stress, fear and social support during Covid-19
pandemic among Jordanian healthcare workers. PloS One, 16(3), e0247679. https://doi.org/10.1371/ journal.pone.0247679
18. Brouwer, K. R., Walmsley, L. A., Parrish, E. M., McCubbin, A. K., Welsh, J. D., Braido, C., & Okoli, C. (2021). Examining the associations
between self-care practices and psychological distress among nursing students during the Covid-19 pandemic. Nurse Education
Today, 100, 104864. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nedt.2021.104864
19. Nabavian, M., Rahmani, N., & Alipour, H. (2021). Experiences of nursing students in the care for patients diagnosed with Covid-19: A
Qualitative Study. Journal of Patient Experience, 8, 23743735211039925. https://doi.org/10.1177/23743735211039925
20. Pedrosa, A. L., Bitencourt, L., Fróes, A., Cazumbá, M., Campos, R., de Brito, S., & Simões E Silva, A. C. (2020). Emotional, behavioral, and
psychological impact of the Covid-19 pandemic. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 566212. https://doi.org/10.3389 /fpsyg.2020.566212
21. Al Gharash, H., Smith, M., & Cusack, L. (2021). Nursing students' willingness and confidence to volunteer in a pandemic. SAGE Open Nursing, 7, 23779608211044615. https://doi.org/10.1177/23779608211044615
22. Tran, B. X., Vo, L. H., Phan, H. T., Pham, H. Q., Vu, G. T., Le, H. T., Latkin, C. A., Ho, C. S., & Ho, R. C. (2020). Mobilizing medical students for Covid-19 responses: Experience of Vietnam. Journal of global health, 10(2), 020319. https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.10.020319
23. Roy, C. (2009). The Roy adaptation model (3rded.). Upper Sadder River, NJ: Pearson.
24. Harrison, S., Henderson, J., Alderdice, F., & Quigley, M. A. (2019). Methods to increase response rates to a population-based maternity
survey: a comparison of two pilot studies. BMC medical research methodology, 19(1), 65. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12874-019-0702-3
25. Zhang, J. X., & Schwarzer, R. (1995). Measuring optimistic self-beliefs: A Chinese adaptation of the General Self-Efficacy Scale. Psychologia: An International Journal of Psychology in the Orient, 38(3), 174–181.
26. Dang N., Ho T., Nguyen T. Tran T. (2020). Perception of psychology students, Ho Chi Minh City university of education about self-efficacy.
Vietnam Journal of Education, 484 (2), 12-15. Retrieved from http://tapchigiaoduc.moet.gov.vn/ 3dangnguyen-thien-an/link.
27. Kang, Y. K., Guo, W. J., Xu, H., Chen, Y. H., Li, X. J., Tan, Z. P., ... & Li, T. (2015). The 6-item Kessler psychological distress scale to survey
serious mental illness among Chinese undergraduates: psychometric properties and prevalence estimate. Comprehensive Psychiatry.(2015) 63:105–12. DOI:10.1016/j.comppsych.2015.08.011
28. Hoang, M. T., Do, K. N., Pham, H. Q., Nguyen, C. T., Ha, G. H., Vu, G. T., Tran, B. X., Latkin, C., Ho, R., & Ho, C. S. (2020). Psychological
distress among mountainous farmers in Vietnam: a cross-sectional study of prevalence and associated factors. BMJ open, 10(8), e038490.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-038490
29. Carver, C. S. (1997). You want to measure coping but your protocol's too long: consider the brief COPE. International journal of behavioral
medicine, 4(1), 92–100. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327558ijbm0401_6
30. Matsumoto S, Yamaoka K, Nguyen HDT, Nguyen DT, Nagai M, Tanuma J, Mizushima D, Nguyen KV, Pham TN, Oka S. Validation of the
Brief Coping Orientation to Problem Experienced (Brief COPE) inventory in people living with HIV/AIDS in Vietnam. Glob Health Med. 2020 Dec 31;2(6):374-383. doi: 10.35772/ghm.2020.01064. PMID: 33409417; PMCID: PMC7780287.
31. Mai, V. Q., Sun, S., Minh, H. V., Luo, N., Giang, K. B., Lindholm, L., & Sahlen, K. G. (2020). An EQ-5D-5L value set for Vietnam. Quality of Life
Research. 2020;29(7):1923–1933. doi:10.1007/s11136-020-02469-7
32. Sousa, V. D., & Rojjanasrirat, W. (2011). Translation, adaptation and validation of instruments or scales for use in cross‐cultural
health care research: A clear and user‐friendly guideline. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 17(2), 268–274. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365‐2753.2010.01434.x
33. Schmits, E., Dekeyser, S., Klein, O., Luminet, O., Yzerbyt, V., & Glowacz, F. (2021). Psychological distress among students in higher
education: one year after the beginning of the Covid-19 pandemic. International Journal Of Environmental Research And Public
Health, 18(14), 7445. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147445
34. Simionescu, M., Pellegrini, A., & Bordea, E. N. (2021). The Effects of Covid-19 pandemic on stress vulnerability of nursing students according
to labour market status. Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland), 9(6), 633. https://doi.org/10.3390 /healthcare9060633
35. Tanji, F., & Kodama, Y. (2021). Prevalence of psychological distress and associated factors in nursing students during the Covid-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(19), 10358.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph181910358
36. Akbar, Z., & Aisyawati, M. S. (2021). Coping strategy, social support, and psychological distress among university students in Jakarta,
Indonesia during the Covid-19 pandemic. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 694122. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg .2021.694122
37. Ulenaers, D., Grosemans, J., Schrooten, W., & Bergs, J. (2021). Clinical placement experience of nursing students during the Covid-19
pandemic: A cross-sectional study. Nurse Education Today, 99, 104746. https://doi.org/10.1016 /j.nedt.2021.104746
38. Tran, N. T., Franzen, J., Jermann, F., Rudaz, S., Bondolfi, G., & Ghisletta, P. (2022). Psychological distress and well-being among students of health disciplines in Geneva, Switzerland: The importance of academic satisfaction in the context of academic year-end and Covid-19 stress on their learning experience. PloS one, 17(4), e0266612. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0266612
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Anh Thi Lan Mai, Nguyet Thi Nguyen, Sinh Minh Do, Hoang Huy Ngo, Thai Thi Minh Hoang, Thai Thi Minh Hoang, & Huong Thi Thanh Nguyen. (2023). Factors Related to Psychological Distress Among Nursing Students Volunteering in Covid-19 Frontline Prevention In Vietnam. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 30(3), 532-544. https://doi.org/10.47750/jptcp.2023.30.03.057
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Anh Thi Lan Mai, Nguyet Thi Nguyen, Sinh Minh Do, Hoang Huy Ngo, Thai Thi Minh Hoang, Thai Thi Minh Hoang, & Huong Thi Thanh Nguyen. (2023). Factors Related to Psychological Distress Among Nursing Students Volunteering in Covid-19 Frontline Prevention In Vietnam. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 30(3), 532-544. https://doi.org/10.47750/jptcp.2023.30.03.057