Assessment of some Immunological and biochemical parameters in diabetic type 2 patients suffered of Covid-19
Main Article Content
Keywords
COVID-19; T2D; D-dimer; Procalcitonin.
Abstract
COVID-19 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has threatened every civilian as a global pandemic. The immune system poses the critical interactive chain between the human body and the virus. The current study aimed to assessment whether comorbidity with type 2 diabetes (T2D) affects the immunological response in COVID-19 patients. This case-control study (comparative) was carried out in Baghdad Al-karkh hospitals/ isolation units for Patients covid- 19, which included 90 subjects from November 2021 to the end of April 2022, as of which 30 participants were with T2D patients, 30 were T2D patients suffer of covid-19, with positive RTPCR for covid-19 and the remaining 30 were nondiabetic (NDM) of aged (50-85) years. To study concentrations of Interleukin 6( IL-6), Interleukin 2 Receptor Beta (IL-2R β), Procalcitonin (PCT), Ferritin, D-dimer, HbA1c, blood urea(BU), and serum creatinine . The current study showed a significant increase in IL-6 (362.4±60.01pg/ml), IL-2R β (8.8±2.7%), PCT (205±25.7mg/dl), Ferritin(), D-dimer(), HbA1c(), blood urea(58±12.7mg/dl), and serum creatinine (1.1±0.2mg/dl) in T2D with COVID-19 patients compared to the control group ( 222.8±30.7pg/ml, 4.6±1.3%, 99±15.1mg/dl, 35±9.6mg/dl, 0.65±0.03mg/dl respectively, at the probability value (P˂0.05). The COVID-19 patients comorbid with T2D demonstrated distinguishable immunological parameters, which represented clinical relevancies with the predisposed disease severity in T2D.
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33. Jounaidi, Youssef, et al. "Tethering IL2 to its receptor IL2Rβ enhances antitumor activity and expansion of natural killer NK92 cells." Cancer research 77.21 (2017): 5938-5951
vol. 382, no. 18, pp. 1708–1720, 2020.
2. C. Huang, Y. Wang, X. Li et al., “Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China,” The Lancet, vol.
395, no. 10223, pp. 497–506, 2020.
3. H. A. Rothan and S. N. Byrareddy, “The epidemiology and pathogenesis of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak,” Journal of
Autoimmunity, vol. 109, article 102433, 2020.
4. X. Yang, Y. Yu, J. Xu et al., “Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARSCoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a singlecentered, retrospective, observational study,” The Lancet Respiratory Medicine, vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 475–481, 2020
5. G. Chen, D. Wu, W. Guo et al., “Clinical and immunological features of severe and moderate coronavirus disease 2019,” The Journal of
Clinical Investigation, vol. 130, no. 5, pp. 2620– 2629, 2020.
6. Y. Bai, L. Yao, T. Wei et al., “Presumed asymptomatic carrier transmission of COVID-19,” JAMA, vol. 323, no. 14, p. 1406, 2020.
7. Faris Rija, Firas, Marwah Isam Sulaiman Musa, and Hind T. Hamad. "Some Biochemical Parameters and Level of Preptin in Newly
Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetic Women Patients in Tikrit City." Journal of Chemical Health Risks 12.2 (2022): 179-182.
8. W. S. Azar, R. Njeim, A. H. Fares et al.,“COVID-19 and diabetes mellitus: how one pandemic worsens the other,” Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders, pp. 1–13, 2020. J. Pearson-Stuttard, S. Blundell, T. Harris, D. G. Cook, and J. Critchley, “Diabetes and infection: assessing the association with glycaemic control in population-based studies,”The Lancet Diabetes and Endocrinology, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 148–158, 2016. [10] S. Ferlita, A. Yegiazaryan, N. Noori et al.,“Type 2 diabetes mellitus and altered immune system leading to susceptibility to pathogens, especially Mycobacterium tuberculosis,” Journal of Clinical Medicine, vol. 8, no. 12, p. 2219, 2019.
9. Z. T. Bloomgarden,“Diabetes and COVID- 19,”Journal of Diabetes, vol. 12, no. 4, pp. 347- 348, 2020.
10. R. Gupta, A. Ghosh, A. K. Singh, and A. Misra, “Clinical considerations for patients with diabetes in times of COVID-19 epidemic,” Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research and Reviews, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 211-212, 2020.
11. Bloomgarden ZT. Diabetes and COVID-19. J Diabetes (2020) 12:347–8. doi: 10.1111/1753- 0407.13027
12. Onder G, Rezza G, Brusaferro S. Case-Fatality Rate and Characteristics of Patients Dying in Relation to COVID-19 in Italy. JAMA (2020).
323 (18):1775–6 doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.4683
13. Guo W, Li M, Dong Y, Zhou H, Zhang Z, Tian C, et al. Diabetes is a risk factor for the progression and prognosis of COVID-19.
Diabetes Metab Res Rev (2020), e3319. doi:10.1002/dmrr.3319
14. Cao X. COVID‐19: immunopathology and its implications for therapy. Nat Rev Immunol. 2020;20:269‐270. https://doi:10.1038/ s41577-020-0308-3
15. Rokni M, Ghasemi V, Tavakoli Z. Immune responses and pathogenesis of SARS‐CoV‐2 during an outbreak in Iran: comparison with
SARS and MERS. Rev Med Virol.2020;30(3):e2107. https://doi:10. 1002/rmv.2107
16. Li Q, Guan X, Wu P, et al. Early transmission dynamics in Wuhan, China, of novel coronavirus‐ infected pneumonia. N Engl J Med.
2020;382(13):1199‐1207.https://doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2001316
17. Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID‐19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 2020;395(10229):1054‐1062. https:// doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30566-3
18. Saghazadeh A, Rezaei N. Immune‐epidemiological parameters of the novel coronavirus – a perspective. Expert Rev Clin
Immunol. 2020:1‐6.https://doi:10.1080/1744666X.2020.1750954
19. Li G, Fan Y, Lai Y, et al. Coronavirus infections and immune responses. J Med Virol.2020;92(4):424‐432. https://doi:10.1002/jmv.
25685
20. Ye Q, Wang B, Mao J. The pathogenesis and treatment of the `Cytokine Storm' in COVID‐19. J Infect. 2020;80(6):607‐613. https://
doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.037
21. C. Huang, Y. Wang, X. Li et al., “Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China,” The Lancet, vol.
395, no. 10223, pp. 497–506, 2020.
22. H. A. Rothan and S. N. Byrareddy, “The epidemiology and pathogenesis of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak,” Journal of
Autoimmunity, vol. 109, article 102433, 2020.
23. X. Li, S. Xu, M. Yu et al., “Risk factors for severity and mortality in adult COVID-19 inpatients in Wuhan,” The Journal of Allergy and
Clinical Immunology, vol. 146, no. 1, pp. 110– 118, 2020.
24. E. Maggi, G. W. Canonica, and L. Moretta,“COVID-19: unanswered questions on immune response and pathogenesis,” The Journal of
Allergy and Clinical Immunology, vol. 146, no.1, pp. 18–22, 2020.
25. R. Chen, L. Sang, M. Jiang et al., “Longitudinal hematologic and immunologic variations associated with the progression of COVID-19
patients in China,” The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, vol. 146, no. 1, pp. 89–100, 2020.
26. R. He, Z. Lu, L. Zhang et al., “The clinical course and its correlated immune status in COVID-19 pneumonia,” Journal of Clinical Virology, vol.127, p. 104361, 2020.
27. Mahlangu T, Dludla PV, Nyambuya TM, Mxinwa V, Mazibuko-Mbeje SE, Cirilli I, et al. A systematic review on the functional role of Th1/Th2 cytokines in type 2 Diabetologia and related metabolic complications. Cytokine (2020) 126:154892. doi: 10.1016/j.cyto.2019.154892
28. Wang L, Ling W. C‐reactive protein levels in the early stage of COVID‐19. Med Mal Infect. 2020;50(4):332‐334. https://doi:10.
1016/j.medmal.2020.03.007
29. Guan W‐J, Ni Z‐Y, Hu Y, et al. Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(18):1708‐1720.
https://doi:10.1016/j.jinf.2020.03.041
30. Chan JF‐W, Yuan S, Kok K‐H, et al. A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person‐ to‐person transmission: a study of a family cluster. Lancet.2020;395(10223):514‐523.https://doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20) 30154-9
31. Wu C, Chen X, Cai Y, et al. Risk factors associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome and death in patients with coronavirus
disease 2019 pneumonia in Wuhan, China.JAMA Intern Med. 2020;180(7):1‐11. https://doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.0994
32. Zhou Y, Zhang Z, Tian J, Xiong S. Risk factors associated with disease progression in a cohort of patients infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus. Ann Palliat Med. 2020;9(2):428‐436.https://doi:10. 21037/apm.2020.03.26
33. Jounaidi, Youssef, et al. "Tethering IL2 to its receptor IL2Rβ enhances antitumor activity and expansion of natural killer NK92 cells." Cancer research 77.21 (2017): 5938-5951
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Mar 13, 2023
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How to Cite
Rabab Khuder Rehan, & Firas Faris Rija. (2023). Assessment of some Immunological and biochemical parameters in diabetic type 2 patients suffered of Covid-19. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 30(3), 258-264. https://doi.org/10.47750/jptcp.2023.30.03.027
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How to Cite
Rabab Khuder Rehan, & Firas Faris Rija. (2023). Assessment of some Immunological and biochemical parameters in diabetic type 2 patients suffered of Covid-19. Journal of Population Therapeutics and Clinical Pharmacology, 30(3), 258-264. https://doi.org/10.47750/jptcp.2023.30.03.027